Synthesis of amanin and its derivatives

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the chemical synthesis of amanin and its derivatives. The present invention also relates to intermediate products of the amanin synthesis.

The present invention relates to the chemical synthesis of amanin and its derivatives. The present invention also relates to intermediate products of the amanin synthesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The objective of the present invention is to provide means and methods to chemically synthesize amanin or derivatives thereof. This objective is attained by the subject-matter of the independent claims of the present specification.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention relates to a method for preparation of a compound of formula (I)

Other aspects relate to intermediate products of the amanin synthesis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 Synthesis of the dipeptide building block H-Asp(OAII)-Hyp-OFm°HCl (3).

FIG. 2 Synthesis of Deoxyamanin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Terms and Definitions

Amino acid sequences are given from amino to carboxyl terminus. Capital letters for sequence positions refer to L-amino acids in the one-letter code (Stryer, Biochemistry, 3^(rd) ed. p. 21). Lower case letters for amino acid sequence positions refer to the corresponding D- or (2R)-amino acids.

The term AA in the context of the present specification relates to amino acid.

The term “protecting group” in the context of the present specification relates to a moiety covalently attached to a functional group (particularly the carboxylic acid moiety, the amino moiety or the hydroxyl moiety of the molecules discussed herein) that can be selectively attached to the functional group and selectively removed without affecting the integrity or chiral orientation of the carbon backbone of the molecule the protecting group is attached to, nor cleaving particular other protecting groups attached to other protecting groups attached to the molecule.

The term “deprotection agent” in the context of the present specification relates to an agent which is able to cleave a certain protecting group. The skilled person is able to select the deprotection agent according to the protecting group. The conditions under which the protecting group is cleavable constitute the deprotection agent, e.g. if the protecting group is cleavable under acidic conditions, then the deprotection agent is an acid.

The term “preactivated carboxylic group” in the context of the present specification relates to a carboxylic moiety being reacted into an active ester susceptible for the nucleophilic attack of an amine group in order to form a peptide bond.

The term “preactivated amino group” in the context of the present specification relates to an amino group being reacted into a N-trimethylsilyl amine with increased nucleophilicity to attack a carboxylic acid moiety in order to form a peptide bond.

A comprehensive review of modern protecting group chemistry, particularly as it pertains to the compounds disclosed herein, is available in Peter G. M. Wuts, Greene’s Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 5th Edition, Wiley 2014.

US 6693178 B2 - “Protecting groups useful in the synthesis of polysaccharides, natural products, and combinatorial libraries” and US 20160024143 A1 - “Deprotection method” are incorporated herein by reference.

Standard convention of organic chemistry, by which a non-designated position in a formula is deemed to be a saturated carbon, is followed herein.

A first aspect of the invention relates to a method for preparation of a compound of formula (I)

wherein

-   a) a compound of formula (IIa)

-   

-   is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent,     -   particularly with a coupling reagent selected from a         carbodiimide, an imidazolinium reagent, a phosphonium salt, an         organo-phosphorous reagent, an uronium salt, a pyridinium         reagent, and a phosphonic acid,     -   more particularly with HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or         HCTU,     -   in a reaction step (a),     -   and where applicable, the compound is reacted with a         deprotection agent removing R^(PGP) and/or R^(PGOH) and/or         R^(AL) and/or R^(AMIN),

    or wherein

-   b) a compound of formula (IIb)

-   

-   is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent,     -   particularly with a coupling reagent selected from a         carbodiimide, an imidazolinium reagent, a phosphonium salt, an         organo-phosphorous reagent, an uronium salt, a pyridinium         reagent, and a phosphonic acid,     -   more particularly with HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or         HCTU,     -   in a reaction step (b),     -   and where applicable, the compound is reacted with a         deprotection agent removing R^(PGP) and/or R^(PGOH) and/or         R^(AL) and/or R^(AMIN),

    or wherein

-   c) a compound of formula (IIc)

-   

-   is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent,     -   particularly with a coupling reagent selected from a         carbodiimide, an imidazolinium reagent, a phosphonium salt, an         organo-phosphorous reagent, an uronium salt, a pyridinium         reagent, and a phosphonic acid,     -   more particularly with HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or         HCTU,     -   in a reaction step (c),     -   and where applicable, the compound is reacted with a         deprotection agent removing R^(PGP) and/or R^(PGOH) and/or         R^(AL) and/or R^(AMIN),

    or wherein

-   d) a compound of formula (IId)

-   

-   is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent,     -   particularly with a coupling reagent selected from a         carbodiimide, an imidazolinium reagent, a phosphonium salt, an         organo-phosphorous reagent, an uronium salt, a pyridinium         reagent, and a phosphonic acid,     -   more particularly with HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or         HCTU,     -   in a reaction step (d),     -   and where applicable, the compound is reacted with a         deprotection agent removing R^(PGP) and/or R^(PGOH) and/or         R^(AL) and/or R^(AMIN), wherein         -   X¹, X², X³, and X⁴, and Y¹, Y², Y³, and Y⁴ are H, or one,             two, three or all of Y¹, Y², Y³, and Y⁴ are OH or NH₂ and             all other Y are H and the corresponding X is NHR^(AMIN) or             OR^(PGP) and all other X are H, wherein R^(PGP) is a             protecting group for phenolic OH groups, particularly a             phenolic OH-protecting group not acid- or alkali-labile,             more particularly cleavable under reductive conditions, most             particularly Cbz, or R^(AMIN) is a protecting group for             phenolic amino groups, particularly a phenolic amino             protecting group not acid- or alkali-labile, more             particularly cleavable under reductive conditions, most             particularly Cbz, or one, two, three or all of Y¹, Y², Y³,             and Y⁴ and the corresponding X are selected from F, CI, Br,             I, CN, NO₂, acyl, N₃, or alkin, and all other X and Y are H,             particularly X and Y are H, or one of Y¹, Y², Y³, and Y⁴ is             OH and the corresponding X is OR^(PGP) and all other X and Y             are H;         -   Z and W are H, or Z is OH and W is OR^(PGOH), wherein             R^(PGOH) is a protecting group for hydroxyl-groups,             particularly a hydroxyl-protecting group cleavable with             fluoride ions,         -   R^(AL) is a protected carboxyl-group or a 1-5AA peptide,             particularly R^(AL) is O-allyl or O-methylester or a 1-5AA             peptide, more particularly R^(AL) is O-allyl or             O-methylester, most particularly R^(AL) is O-allyl;         -   V is OH or a 1-5AA peptide, particularly V is OH;         -   Q is S or SO.

In certain embodiments, the method is performed via step a) or step b).

In certain embodiments, the 1-5 AA peptide is composed of proteinogenic amino acids.

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (III)

is reacted with a compound of formula (IV)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, X⁴, W, Q, and R^(AL) have the same meaning as defined     above; -   R^(COOY) is a carboxyl-protecting group, particularly     fluorenylmethyl or benzyl, more particularly fluorenylmethyl;

wherein (III) and (IV) are reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, particularly with HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or HCTU, in a reaction step (e) to yield the compound characterized by (IIa).

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (V)

is reacted with a compound of formula (VI)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, X⁴, Q, and W have the same meaning as defined above; -   R^(NHB) is an amino protecting group, particularly an amino     protecting group cleavable under alkaline conditions, more     particularly Fmoc,

wherein the amino-group of (V) is preactivated, particularly with MSA, and preactivated (V) and (VI) are reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, particularly with HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or HCTU, more particularly with COMU, in a reaction step (f) to yield the compound (III).

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (V)

is reacted with a compound of formula (VII)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, X⁴, W, Q, R^(NHB), and R^(AL) have the same meaning as     defined above; wherein -   the amino-group of (V) is preactivated, particularly with MSA, and     preactivated (V) and (VII) are reacted with a peptide bond forming     reagent, particularly with HATU, or -   the amino-group of (V) is preactivated, particularly with MSA, and     the carboxyl-group of compound (VII) is preactivated, particularly     with an O-PFP-ester, O-PCP-ester, or OSu-ester, and preactivated (V)     and preactivated (VII) are reacted,

in a reaction step (g) to yield the compound (IIb).

For coupling compounds (V) and (VII), the acid-COOH group of compound (V) does not need to be protected. No significant side reactions were observed without protecting group.

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (V)

is reacted with a compound of formula (VII)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, X⁴, W, Q, R^(NHB), and R^(AL) have the same meaning as     defined above;

wherein (V) and (VII) are reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, particularly with HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or HCTU, to yield the compound (IIc).

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (XVI)

is reacted with a compound of formula (XVII)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, X⁴, W, Q, and R^(AL) have the same meaning as defined     above; -   R^(NHB2) is an amino-protecting group, particularly an     amino-protecting group cleavable under acidic conditions, more     particularly Boc;

wherein

-   the amino-group of (XVI) is preactivated, particularly with MSA, and     preactivated (XVI) and (XVII) are reacted with a peptide bond     forming reagent, particularly with HATU, or -   the amino-group of (XVI) is preactivated, particularly with MSA, and     the carboxyl-group of compound (XVII) is preactivated, particularly     with an O-PFP-ester, O-PCP-ester, or OSu-ester, and     preactivated (XVI) and preactivated (XVII) are reacted,

to yield the compound (IId).

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (V)

is reacted with a compound of formula (XVIII)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, X⁴, W, Q, R^(NHB), and R^(AL) have the same meaning as     defined above;

wherein

-   the amino-group of (V) is preactivated, particularly with MSA, and     preactivated (V) and (XVIII) are reacted with a peptide bond forming     reagent, particularly with HATU, or -   the amino-group of (V) is preactivated, particularly with MSA, and     the carboxyl-group of compound (XVIII) is preactivated, particularly     with an O-PFP-ester, O-PCP-ester, or OSu-ester, and preactivated (V)     and preactivated (XVIII) are reacted,

to yield the compound (XVI).

In certain embodiments, for a compound of formula (Idesox)

wherein

-   Y¹, Y², Y³, Y⁴, Z, Q, and V have the same meaning as defined above;     the sulfur atom is oxidized.

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed using manganese ions. In certain embodiments, the compound is reacted with a compound of formula (XV)

and with Mn(OTf)₂ and H₂O₂,

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed using PPO, dibenzyolperoxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, or lauroyl peroxide. Preparation of PPO is described in (S. Gan, J. Yin, Y. Yao, Y. Liu, D. Chang, D. Zhu, L. Shi, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017, 15, 2647-2654.).

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed with mCPBA (meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid) in isopropanol/ethanol (8:3).

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed with an oxaziridinium salt as described in (Rio et al, Org. Lett. 2007, 9,12, 2265-2268).

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed with non-enantioselective agents or simply with oxygen or hydrogenperoxide.

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed using iodine and oxygen.

The oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed in a reaction step (h) to yield the compound (lox)

In certain embodiments, for a compound of formula (Vdesox)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ have the same meaning as defined above;

the sulfur atom is oxidized.

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed using manganese ions. In certain embodiments, the compound is reacted with a compound of formula (XV)

and with Mn(OTf)₂ and H₂O₂,

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed using PPO, dibenzyolperoxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, or lauroyl peroxide. Preparation of PPO is described in (S. Gan, J. Yin, Y. Yao, Y. Liu, D. Chang, D. Zhu, L. Shi, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017, 15, 2647-2654.).

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed with mCPBA (meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid) in isopropanol/ethanol (8:3).

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed with an oxaziridinium salt as described in (Rio et al, Org. Lett. 2007, 9,12, 2265-2268).

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed with non-enantioselective agents or simply with oxygen or hydrogenperoxide.

In certain embodiments, the oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed using iodine and oxygen.

The oxidation of the sulfur atom is performed in a reaction step (i) to yield the compound (Vox)

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (VIII)

wherein

-   R^(NHF) is an amino protecting group, particularly an amino     protecting group cleavable with fluoride ions or strong acids, more     particularly Teoc, or an amino protecting group cleavable with     alkaline conditions, more particularly Fmoc, -   R^(COOA) is a carboxyl-protecting group, particularly a     carboxyl-protecting group cleavable under strongly acidic     conditions, more particularly tert-butyl, -   X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ have the same meaning as outlined above,

is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, particularly with a coupling reagent selected from a carbodiimide, an imidazolinium reagent, a phosphonium salt, an organo-phosphorous reagent, an uronium salt, a pyridinium reagent, and a phosphonic acid, more particularly with T3P, HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or HCTU, in a reaction step (j), and the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R^(NHF) and R^(COOA) in a reaction step (k), particularly with TFA, to yield the compound characterized by (Vdesox) or (V).

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (IX)

is reacted with a compound of formula (X)

wherein

-   R^(NHA) is an amino protecting group, particularly an amino     protecting group cleavable under acidic conditions, more     particularly Boc, -   R^(COOA), R^(NHF) and X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ have the same meaning as     outlined above, wherein compound (VII) is -   preactivated with a peptide bond forming reagent, particularly with     HATU, COMU, HBTU, TBTU, TOMBU, COMBU, or HCTU, followed by a     reaction with the silylated compound (VIII), or -   is preactivated as in OSu-ester, followed by a reaction with the     compound (VII) in a reaction step (I),

and the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R^(NHA) in a reaction step (m), particularly with acidic conditions, more particularly at a pH of -3 to 0, even more particularly with HCI or p-toluenesulfonic acid, most particularly with 2 _(M) HCI in Dioxan, to yield the compound characterized by (VIII).

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (XI) (XI) is reacted with a compound of formula (XII) (XII) wherein

-   R^(COOZ) is a carboxyl-protecting group, particularly a     carboxyl-protecting group cleavable with Zn, more particularly Tce,     or R^(COOZ) is H, -   R^(COOA), R^(NHF), R^(NHA) and X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ have the same     meaning as outlined above,

are reacted in a reaction step (n), and if R^(COOZ) is a carboxyl-protecting group, the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R^(COOZ) in a reaction step (o), particularly with Zn, to yield the compound characterized by (IX).

A protection group strategy was applied that relies on acid stability. Decreasing pH values were used for deprotection. First, the Tce group of tryptophan (R^(COOZ) of compound VIII) was removed under reductive conditions using Zn with mildly acidic pH. Afterwards, the Boc group of cysteine (R^(NHA) of compound IX) was removed with p-toluenesulfonic acid. Last, Teoc (R^(NHF)) and tert-butyl (R^(COOA)) of compound (V) were removed concomitantly with 95%TFA.

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula (VI)

is reacted with a compound of formula (XIII)

and a compound of formula (XIV)

wherein

-   R^(AL) has the same meaning as described above, -   R^(Pep) is an active ester, particularly O-pentafluorophenol or     OSu-ester, -   R^(NHB) is an amino protecting group, particularly an amino     protecting group cleavable under alkaline conditions, more     particularly Fmoc,

are reacted with solid phase peptide synthesis in a reaction step (p), wherein the carboxyl-group of compound (XIV) may be protected, to yield the compound characterized by (VII).

Another aspect of the invention relates to a compound of the general formula (I)

wherein

-   one, two, or three of Y¹, Y², and Y⁴ are OH and all other Y are H,     or one, two, three or all of Y¹, Y², Y³, and Y⁴ are selected from F,     CI, Br, and I and all other Y are H, particularly one of Y¹, Y², and     Y⁴ is OH and all other Y are H; -   Z is H, or Z is OH, -   V is OH or a 1-5AA peptide, particularly V is OH, -   Q is S or SO.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a compound of the general formula (Ila)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, and X⁴, are H, or     -   one, two, three or all of X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ are OH and all         other X are H, or one, two, three or all of X¹, X², X³, and X⁴         are selected from F, CI, Br, and I and all other X are H,     -   particularly X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ are H, or one of X¹, X², X³, and         X⁴ is OH and all other X are H; -   W is H, or W is OH, -   V is OH or a 1-5AA peptide, particularly V is OH, -   Q is S or SO.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a compound of the general formula (IIb)

wherein

-   X¹, X², X³, and X⁴, are H, or     -   one, two, three or all of X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ are OH and all         other X are H, or one, two, three or all of X¹, X², X³, and X⁴         are selected from F, CI, Br, and I and all other X are H,     -   particularly X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ are H, or one of X¹, X², X³, and         X⁴ is OH and all other X are H; -   W is H, or W is OH, -   V is OH or a 1-5AA peptide, particularly V is OH, -   Q is S or SO.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a compound of the general formula (III)

wherein

-   one, two, or all of X¹, X², and X⁴ are OH and all other X are H, or     -   one, two, or all of X¹, X², and X⁴ are selected from F, CI, Br,         and I and all other X are H,     -   particularly one of X¹, X², and X⁴ is OH and all other X are H; -   W is H, or W is OH, -   Q is S or SO.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a compound of the general formula (V)

wherein

-   one, two, or all of X¹, X², and X⁴ are OH and all other X are H, or     -   one, two, or all of X¹, X², and X⁴ are selected from F, CI, Br,         and I and all other X are H,     -   particularly one of X¹, X², and X⁴ is OH and all other X are H, -   Q is S or SO.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples and figures, from which further embodiments and advantages can be drawn. These examples are meant to illustrate the invention but not to limit its scope.

Description of the Figures

FIG. 1 Synthesis of the dipeptide building block H-Asp(OAII)-Hyp-OFm°HCl (3) .

FIG. 2 Synthesis of Deoxyamanin.

Examples

Synthesis of (N-Boc)₂-cystine-(OtBu)₂ (35)

A solution of L-cystine-(OtBu)₂ (34, 10 g, 24 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in a 1:1 mixture of H₂O/dioxane (240 mL) was treated with NaHCO₃ (8.06 g, 96.0 mmol, 4.00 eq.) and Boc₂O (10.1 mL, 47.0 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at r.t. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3 ×120 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford 35 (13.2 g, 24.0 mmol, quant.) as a pale yellow solid.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc for C₂₄H₄₄N₂O₈S₂ (M+H)⁺553.2612, found 553.2615.

tert-butyl S-(6-(benzyloxy)-3-((S)-3-oxo-3-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-2-(((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy) carbonyl)amino)propyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-cysteinate (40)

To a solution of (N-Boc)₂-L-Cystin-(OtBu)₂ (35, 900 mg, 1.63 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in CHCI₃ (16.3 mL) was added SO₂CI₂ (263 µL, 3.26 mmol, 2.00 eq.). After the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at r.t. the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in CHCI₃ (16.3 mL) and cooled to 0° C. and added to an ice cold solution of 39 (800 mg, 1.67 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and NaHCO₃ (420 mg, 5.00 mmol, 3.00 eq.) in CHCI₃ (16.7 mL) dropwise over a periode of 10 min. Afterwards the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at 0° C. and 1 h at r.t.. The organic layer was washed with H₂O (10 mL) and sat. NaHCO₃-solution (10 mL). After drying of the organic layer with Na₂SO₄ and removal of the solvent under reduced pressure the crude product of 40 was used in the next step without further purification.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₃₈H₅₂Cl₃N₃O₉SSi (M+H)⁺860.2332, found 860.2323.

tert-butyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-S-(3-((S)-3-oxo-3-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)-2-(((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)amino)propyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)-L-cysteinate (41)

To a solution of (N-Boc)₂-L-Cystin-(OtBu)₂ (39, 5.06 g, 9.15 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in CHCl₃ (92 mL) was added SO₂Cl₂ (1.48 mL, 18.3 mmol, 2.00 eq.). After the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at r.t. the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was redissolved in CHCl₃ (92 mL), cooled to 0° C. and added dropwise to an ice cold solution of 38 (4.4 g, 9.17 mmol 1.00 eq.) and NaHCO₃ (2.31 g, 27.5 mmol, 3.00 eq.) in CHCl₃ (92 mL) over a periode of 10 min. Afterwards the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at 0° C. and 1 h at r.t. The organic layer was washed with H₂O (2 × 100 mL) and sat. NaHCO₃-solution (2 × 80 mL). After drying of the organic layer with Na₂SO₄ and removal of the solvent under reduced pressure the crude product of 41 was used in the next step without further purification.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₃₁H₄₆Cl₃N₃O₈SSi (M+H)⁺754.1913, found 754.1917.

(S)(6-(benzyloxy)-2-(((R)(tert-butoxy)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)oxopropyl)thio)-1H-indolyl)-2-(((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)amino)propanoic acid (49):

A solution of tryptathionine derivative 39 (1.63 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in DMF (8.4 mL) was treated with CH₃COOH (0.8 mL) and zinc (3.51 g, 53.6 mmol, 33.0 eq.) for 2 h at 45° C. The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with 10% KHSO₄ solution (2 × 25 mL) and brine (2 ×25 mL). After drying over Na₂SO₄ and removing of the solvent under reduced pressure, the crude product was purified by C18 reverse phase chromatography (AcN/H₂O 50% to 100% gradient) to give compound 49 as a yellow solid (840 mg, 83% over 2 steps).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₃₆H₅₁N₃O₉SSi (M+H)⁺730.3183, found 730.3188.

(S)(2-(((R)(tert-butoxy)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)oxopropyl)thio)-1H-indolyl)-2-(((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)amino)propanoic acid (50)

A solution of tryptathionine derivative 38 (9.15 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in DMF (40 mL) was treated with CH₃COOH (4 mL) and zinc (20.0 g, 302 mmol, 33.0 eq.) for 2 h at 45° C. The reaction mixture was filtered over Celite and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL) and washed with 10% KHSO₄ solution (2 × 50 mL) and brine (2 × 50 mL). After drying over Na₂SO₄ and removing of the solvent under reduced pressure, the crude product was purified by C18 reverse phase chromatography (AcN/H₂O 50% to 100% gradient) to afford compound 50 as a yellow oil (5.0 g, 88%. over 2 steps).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₃₁H₄₆Cl₃N₃O₈SSi (M+H)⁺624.2769, found 624.2775.

((benzyloxy)carbonyl)glycyl-L-isoleucine (44)

To a solution of Cbz-glycine (42, 10.0 g, 32.7 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in acetone (100 mL) was added a suspension of L-isoleucine (4.71 g, 35.9 mmol, 1.10 eq.) and NaHCO₃ (8.23 g, 87.9 mmol, 3.00 eq.) in water (100 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 h and concentrated under reduced pressure The aqueous layer was carefully acidified to pH = 4 by dropwise addition of 1 M HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3 × 150 mL). The organic phase was then washed with brine (2 x 100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford the product 44 as a colourless oil (10.1 g, 96%).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₁₆H₂₂N₂O₅ (M+H)⁺323.1601, found 323.1606.

Glycyl-L-isoleucylglycine (45):

Dipeptide 44 (10.1 g, 31.3 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and benzyl glycinate (8.21 g, 40.7 mmol, 1.30 eq.) were dissolved in dry DMF (125 mL). Then, COMU (17.4 g, 40.7 mmol, 1.30 eq.) and DIPEA (12.6 mL, 72.1 mmol, 3.00 eq.) were added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to r.t. overnight and diluted with EtOAc (300 mL) afterwards. After washing with a solution of 10% KHSO₄-solution (2×100 mL) the fully protected tripeptide precipitated in the organic phase. The organic phase was cooled to 4° C. for 4 h in order for the peptide to precipitate, then the precipitate was filtered and washed with cold EtOAc. The precipitate was redissolved in a 1:1 mixture of water and THF (260 mL). Pd/C (1 g) was added to the solution after degassing with N₂ for 30 min. Then, the reaction mixture was degassed with hydrogen for 1 h. After vigorous stirring at room temperature under 1.0 atm of hydrogen overnight, the catalyst was filtered through a pad of Celite. Afterwards, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product 45 as a white solid (5.71 g, 74%)

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₁₀H₁₉N₃O₄ (M+H)⁺246.1448, found 246.1440.

Synthesis of pentapeptide 51:

A solution of thioether building block 49 (111 mg, 0.14 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in AcN (0.7 mL) was treated with collidine (37 µL, 0.27 mmol, 2.0 eq) and N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate (39 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and stirred for 1 h at r.t.. A solution of tripeptide 45 (44 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.3 eq) in a 1:4 mixture of AcN/H₂O (1 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at r.t.. Afterwards, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), 10% KHSO₄-solution (20 mL) was added and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2 × 20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2 × 20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure which afforded pentapeptide 51 as a yellow solid (115 mg, 90 %).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₄₆H₆₈N₆O₁₂SSi (M+H)⁺957.4458, found 957.4457.

Synthesis of pentapeptide 52:

A solution of tryptathionine building block 50 (2.0 g, 2.5 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in AcN (10 mL) was treated with collidine (659 µL, 4.95 mmol, 2.00 eq) and N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate (697 mg, 2.72 mmol, 1.10 eq.) and stirred for 1 h at r.t.. A solution of tripeptide 45 (790 mg, 3.22 mmol, 1.30 eq.) in a 1:4 mixture of AcN/H₂O (18 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at r.t.. Afterwards, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), 10% KHSO₄-solution (20 mL) was added and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (2 × 50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure which afforded pentapeptide 52 as a yellow solid (2.15 g, 93%).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for (M+H)⁺ C₃₆H₅₁Cl₃N₆O₁₁S851.4039, found 851.4058.

Fully protected cyclic pentapeptide 53 :

Pentapeptide 51 (151 mg, 0.180 mmol, 1.00 eq.) was dissolved in 1 mL of a solution of p-toluenesulfonic acid in THF (1.8 _(M)) and was stirred for 4 h at r.t. Then, the reaction mixture was neutralized by the addition of DIPEA (320 µL, 1.84 mmol, 10 eq) and diluted with DCM (180 mL). Afterwards, DIPEA (60.2 µL, 354 µmol, 2.00 eq.) and T3P (50% in EtOAc, 210 µL, 354 µmol, 0.34 eq.) were added. After the solution was stirred for 16 h at r.t. ⅔ of the the solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure. The organic phase was washed with 10% KHSO₄-solution (20 mL), sat. NaHCO₃-solution (20 mL), water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure.

The crude product was purified by C18 reverse phase chromatography (AcN/H₂O 50% to 100% gradient) to afford cyclic pentapeptide 53 as a yellow solid (82 mg, 70%)

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₄₁H₅₈N₆O₉SSi (M+H)⁺839.3828, found 839.3839.

Fully protected cyclic pentapeptide (54):

Pentapeptide 52 (700 mg, 0.822 mmol, 1.00 eq.) was dissolved in 10 mL of 2 _(M) HCI in dioxane and stirred for 40 min at r.t. Then, the reaction mixture diluted with 40 mL of dioxane and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The precipitate was dissolved in 8 mL DMF and diluted with 82 mL DCM. Afterwards, DIPEA (279 µL, 1.64 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and T3P (50% in EtOAc, 977 µL, 1.64 mmol, 2.00 eq.) were added. After the solution was stirred for 5 h at r.t., ⅓ of the the solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure. The organic phase was washed with 10% KHSO₄-solution (20 mL), sat. NaHCO₃-solution (20 mL), water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by C18 reverse phase chromatography (AcN/H₂O 50% to 100% gradient) to afford cyclic pentapeptide 54 as a yellow solid (420 mg, 72%).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₃₄H₅₂N₆O₈SSi (M+H)⁺733.3409, found 733.3409.

Fully deprotected monocyclic pentapeptide 55 :

Monocyclic Pentapeptide 53 (125 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1.00 eq.) was stirred in TFA/DCM/TIPS (8:1.5:0.5) for 2 h at r.t. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by C18 reverse phase chromatography (AcN/H₂O 20% to 100%) to afford the fully deprotected monocyclic pentapeptide 55 as a white powder (100 mg, quant.).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₃₁H₃₈N₆O₇S (M+H)⁺639.2595, found 639.2590.

Fully deprotected monocyclic pentapeptide 56:

Monocyclic Pentapeptide 54 (250 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.00 eq.) was stirred in TFA/DCM/TIPS (8:1.5:0.5) for 2 h at r.t. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by C18 reverse phase chromatography (AcN/H₂O 10% to 30%) to afford the fully deprotected monocyclic pentapeptide 56 as a white powder (200 mg, quant.).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₂₄H₃₂N₆O₆S (M+H)⁺533.2177, found 533.2188.

Monocyclic hexapeptide 67:

A solution of fully deprotected monocyclic pentapeptide 55 (42 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and MSA (11.6 µL, 0.723 mmol, 1.10 eq.) in DMA (2 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 50° C. Simultaneously, a solution of Fmoc-DHIle(TBS)₂-OH (13, 52 mg, 0.85 mmol, 1.30 eq.), COMU (36 mg, 0.85 mmol, 1.30 eq.) and DIPEA (15 µL, 0.85 mmol, 1.30 eq.) in DMA (0.4 mL) was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. The silylated monocyclic peptide was then added to the activated dihydroxyisoleucine derivative and stirred for 1 h at 0° C. then at r.t. overnight. Afterwards, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with 10% KHSO₄ solution (3 × 5 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (2 × 20 mL), dried over NaSO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product of 67 was used in the next step without any further purification.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₆₄H₈₇N₇O₁₂SSi₂ (M+H)⁺1234.5745, found 1234.5745. Monocyclic hexapeptide 68:

A solution of fully deprotected monocyclic pentapeptide 56 (100 mg, 0.188 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and MSA (33.2 µL, 0.207 mmol, 1.10 eq.) in DMA (4 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 50° C. Simultaneously, a solution of Fmoc-DHIle(TBS)₂-OH (13, 149 mg, 0.244 mmol, 1.30 eq.), COMU (104 mg, 0.244 mmol, 1.30 eq.) and DIPEA (42.5 µL, 0.244 mmol, 1.30 eq.) in DMA (1.25 mL) was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. The silylated monocyclic peptide was then added to the activated dihydroxyisoleucine derivative and stirred for 1 h at 0° C. then at r.t. overnight. Afterwards, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and washed with 10% KHSO₄ solution (3 × 10 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (2 × 25 mL), dried over NaSO₄ and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product of 68 was used in the next step without any further purification.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₅₇H₈₁N₇O₁₁SSi₂ (M+H)⁺1128.5326, found 1128.5316.

Synthesis of (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylate hydrochloride (2):

A solution of N-Boc-protected (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline 1 (5.0 g, 22 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (20 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 9-fluorenemethanol (8.5 mg, 43 mmol, 2.0 eq.), EDC*HCI (8.3 g, 43 mmol, 2.0 eq.) and DMAP (396 mg, 3.24 mmol, 0.150 eq.) in DCM (220 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h. Then, 10% KHSO₄ solution (50 mL) was added. The organic phase was washed with brine (50 mL) and dried over NaSO₄. Afterwards, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate = 1:1) and treated with 4 m HCI in dioxane for 30 min. Evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure afforded the product 2 as a white solid (3.7 g, 56%).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₁₉H₁₉NO₃ (M+H-HCl)⁺310.1438, found 310.1426.

Synthesis of (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl (2S,4R)-1-((S)-4-(allyloxy)-2-amino-4-oxobutanoyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (3)

Boc-I-aspartic acid 4-allyl ester (287 mg, 1.05 mmol, 1.30 eq.), compound 2 (250 mg, 0.808 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and HATU (614 mg, 1.62 mmol, 2.0 eq.) were dissolved in DMF (2 mL) at 0° C. Then, DIPEA (563 µL, 3.23 mmol, 4 eq.) was added and reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with 10% KHSO₄ solution (2 × 10 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and brine (10 mL). After drying over NaSO₄ and removal of the solvent under reduced pressure the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate = 2:1) and treated with 4 m HCl in dioxane for 30 min afterwards. Evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure afforded the product 3 as a yellow oil (344 mg, 85%).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₂₆H₂₈N₂O₆ (M+H-HCl)⁺465.2020 , found 465.2017.

Synthesis of monocyclic octapeptide 5:

Fully deprotected monocyclic pentapeptide 4 (50 mg, 0.09 mmol, 1.00 eq.) was dissolved in DMA (1 mL) and MSA (17 µL, 0.1 mmol, 1.1 eq.) was added. The solution was stirred for 2 h at 50° C. A solution of Fmoc-Dhl(OTBS)₂-OH (75 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1.3 eq.), COMU (52 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1.3 eq.) and DIPEA (43 µL, 0.24 mmol, 2.6 eq.) in DMA (0.5 mL) was stirred for 30 min at 0° C.The silylated monocyclic pentapeptide was added to the preactivated amino acid and stirred for 1 h. Then, H-Asp(OAII)-Hyp-OFm*HCl (70 mg, 0.14 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and HATU (53 mg, 0.14 mmol, 1.5 eq) were added to the reaction mixture at 0° C. DIPEA (49 µL, 0.28 mmol, 3.0 eq.) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h, then diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with 10% citric acid (2 × 10 mL) and sat. NaHCO₃ (2 × 10 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (2 × 20 mL), dried over NaSO₄and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product 5 was submitted to the next step without any further purification.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₈₃H₁₀₇N₉O₁₆SSi₂ (M+H)⁺1574.7167, found 1574.7134.

Synthesis of monocyclic C- and N-terminally deprotected octapeptide 6:

Monocyclic octapeptide 5 which was obtained from above reaction without further chromatographic purification step, was dissolved in DMF/ACN (2 mL). Then Et₂NH (191 µL, 1.85 mmol, 20.0 eq.) was added and stirred for 30 min at r.t. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the precipitate was redissolved in THF (1 mL). Then, a solution of TBAF in THF (1 m, 0.85 mL, 10 eq) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h at r.t. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the crude product purified by C18 reverse phase chromatography (AcN/H₂O 5% to 70%) to afford the product 6 as a white solid (51 mg, 64% after four steps).

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₄₂H₅₉N₉O₁₄S (M+H)⁺946.3975, found 946.3972.

Synthesis of allylester-protected Deoxyamanin-precursor (7):

Monocyclic octapeptide 6 (10.0 mg, 10.6 µmol, 1.00 eq.) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL). Then, DIPEA (3.68 µL, 21.4 µmol, 2.00 eq.) and HATU (8.04 mg, 21.1 µmol, 2.00 eq) were added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h during which it was allowed to warm to r.t. The crude product was purified using preparative HPLC (Sunfire Prep C18 OBD 10 µm, 50x150 mm column, gradient A) to afford allyl protected Deoxyamanin-precursor 7 (6 mg, 68%) as a white powder.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₄₂H₅₇N₉O₁₃S (M+H)⁺928.3869, found 928.3885.

Synthesis of (S)-Deoxyamanin (8):

Deoxyamanin precursor 7 (3.0 mg, 3.2 µmol, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in THF (0.3 mL). Then, morpholine (5.58 µL, 64.6 µmol, 20.0 eq.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (747 µg, 0.64 µmol, 0.2 eq) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously for 3 h. The crude product was purified using preparative HPLC (Sunfire Prep C18 OBD 10 µm, 50x150 mm column, gradient B) to afford (S)-Deoxyamanin (8) (1.5 mg, 50%) as a white powder.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calc. for C₃₉H₅₃N₉O₁₃S (M+H)⁺888.3556, found 888.3529.

Preparative HPLC purification gradients:

-   Gradient A:     -   0-30 min 10%-30% B, 30-35 min30-100% B; 40-45 min100% B;45-50         min, 100-10% B     -   0.1% formic acid in water (Solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in         ACN (Solvent B). -   Gradient B:     -   0-30 min 15%-40% B, 30-35 min40-100% B; 35-40 min100% B, 40-15         min15% B     -   0.1% formic acid in water (Solvent A) and 0.1% formic acid in         ACN (Solvent B). 

1. A method for preparation of a compound of formula (I)

wherein a) a compound of formula (IIa)

is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent in a reaction step (a), and where applicable, the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R ^(PGP) and/or R^(PGOH) and/or R^(AL) and/or R^(AMIN), or wherein b) a compound of formula (IIb)

is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, in a reaction step (b), and where applicable, the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R ^(PGP) and/or R^(PGOH) and/or R^(AL) and/or R^(AMIN), or wherein c) a compound of formula (IIc)

is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, in a reaction step (c), and where applicable, the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R ^(PGP) and/or R^(PGOH) and/or R^(AL) and/or R^(AMIN), or wherein d) a compound of formula (IId)

is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, in a reaction step (d), and where applicable, the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R ^(PGP) and/or R^(PGOH) and/or R^(AL) and/or R^(AMIN), wherein X¹, X², X³, and X⁴, and Y¹, Y², Y³, and Y⁴ are H, or one, two, three or all of Y¹, Y², Y³, and Y⁴ are OH or NH₂ and all other Y are H and the corresponding X is NHR^(AMIN) or OR^(PGP) and all other X are H, wherein R^(PGP) is a protecting group for phenolic OH groups, or R^(AMIN) is a protecting group for phenolic amino groups, or one, two, three or all of Y¹, Y², Y³, and Y⁴ and the corresponding X are selected from F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO₂, acyl, N₃, or alkin, and all other X and Y are H, Z and W are H, or Z is OH and W is OR^(PGOH), wherein R^(PGOH) is a protecting group for hydroxyl-groups, R^(AL) is a protected carboxyl-group or a 1-5AA peptide, V is OH or a 1-5AA peptide, and Q is S or SO .
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a compound of formula (III)

and a compound of formula (IV)

wherein R^(COOY) is a carboxyl-protecting group, are reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, in a reaction step (e) to yield the compound characterized by (IIa).
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein a compound of formula (V)

and a compound of formula (VI)

wherein R^(NHB) is an amino protecting group, and wherein the amino-group of (V) is preactivated, are reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent in a reaction step (f) to yield the compound (III).
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a compound of formula (V)

and a compound of formula (VII)

wherein R^(NHB) is an amino protecting group, and wherein the amino-group of (V) is preactivated, and preactivated (V) and (VII) are reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, or i the amino-group of (V) is preactivated, and the carboxyl-group of compound (VII) is preactivated, and preactivated (V) and preactivated (VII) are reacted, in a reaction step (g) to yield the compound (IIb).
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein for a compound of formula (Idesox)

wherein the sulfur atom is oxidized in a reaction step (h) to yield the compound (Iox)


6. The method according to claim 3 , wherein for a compound of formula (Vdesox)

the sulfur atom is oxidized, in a reaction step (i) to yield the compound (Vox)

.
 7. The method according to claim 3, wherein a compound of formula (VIII)

wherein R^(NHF) is an amino protecting group, and R^(COOA) is a carboxyl-protecting group, is reacted with a peptide bond forming reagent, in a reaction step (j), and the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R^(NHF) and R^(COOA) in a reaction step (k), to yield the compound characterized by (Vdesox) or (V).
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein a compound of formula (IX)

and a compound of formula (X)

wherein R^(NHA) is an amino protecting group, and wherein compound (VII) is preactivated with a peptide bond forming reagent, followed by a reaction with the silylated compound (VIII), or preactivated as in OSu-ester, followed by a reaction with the compound (VII) in a reaction step (1), and (m), the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R^(NHA) in a reaction step to yield the compound characterized by (VIII).
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein a compound of formula (XI)

and a compound of formula (XII)

wherein R^(COOZ) is a carboxyl-protecting group, or R^(cooz) is H, are reacted in a reaction step (n), and if R^(cooz) is a carboxyl-protecting group, the compound is reacted with a deprotection agent removing R^(cooz) in a reaction step (o), to yield the compound characterized by (IX).
 10. The method according to claim 4, wherein a compound of formula (VI)

and a compound of formula (XIII)

and a compound of formula (XIV)

wherein R^(Pep) is an active ester, are reacted with solid phase peptide synthesis in a reaction step (p), to yield the compound characterized by (VII).
 11. A compound of the general formula (I)

wherein one, two, or three of Y¹, Y², and Y⁴ are OH and all other Y are H, or one, two, three or all of Y¹, Y², Y³, and Y⁴ are selected from F, Cl, Br, and I and all other Y are H, Z is H or OH, V is OH or a 1-5AA peptide, and Q is S or SO.
 12. A compound of the general formula (IIa)

wherein X¹, X², X³, and X⁴, are H, or one, two, three or all of X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ are OH and all other X are H, or one, two, three or all of X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ are selected from F, Cl, Br, and I and all other X are H, W is H or OH, V is OH or a 1-5AA peptide, and Q is S or SO.
 13. A compound of the general formula (IIb)

wherein X¹, X², X³, and X⁴, are H, or one, two, three or all of X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ are OH and all other X are H, or one, two, three or all of X¹, X², X³, and X⁴ are selected from F, Cl, Br, and I and all other X are H, W is H or OH, V is OH or a 1-5AA peptide, and Q is S or SO.
 14. A compound of the general formula (III)

wherein one, two, or all of X¹, X², and X⁴ are OH and all other X are H, or one, two, or all of X¹, X², and X⁴ are selected from F, Cl, Br, and I and all other X are H, W is H or OH, and Q is S or SO.
 15. A compound of the general formula (V)

wherein ≐one, two, or all of X¹, X², and X⁴ are OH and all other X are H, or one, two, or all of X¹, X², and X⁴ are selected from F, Cl, Br, and I and all other X are H, and ≐ Q is S or SO. 